Development and Influencing Factors of Cross-laminated Timber Buildings
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摘要: 近年来，正交胶合木（CLT）建筑在欧美地区得到广泛应用并向全球推广。文中从厂商分布、CLT应用、产业协同等方面对当前CLT的发展现状进行梳理，从环保意识、森林资源、政策法规和成本造价等方面对影响CLT建筑发展的主要因素进行对比，分析CLT建筑在我国发展所面临的障碍与机遇，并结合欧美地区的经验对我国CLT建筑的发展进行展望。研究发现，意识认知缺乏、市场需求不足及传统设计建造流程的改变是当前CLT建筑在我国发展推广所面临的主要障碍，但我国在CLT厂商及项目的市场基础、国产树种CLT的研发应用、政策法规的引导支持等方面正在逐步发展完善，未来将具有较大的市场空间和可行的发展路径。Abstract: Cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings have been widely spread in Europe and North America and promoted globally in recent years. This paper provides an overview of the development of CLT in China and Europe and North America from the aspects of manufacturer distribution, project application and industrial collaboration, and conducts a comparative study of the main factors affecting the development of CLT buildings between in China and Europe and North America in terms of environmental awareness, forest resources, building regulations, and costs. The obstacles and opportunities of CLT buildings in China are analyzed. It concludes that lack of awareness, insufficient market demand, and changes in traditional design and construction process are the main obstacles to the development of CLT buildings in China, but the market foundation of CLT manufacturers and projects, the research and application on CLT of domestic tree species, and the guidance and support of policies and regulations are gradually developing and improving in China. There will be a large market space and a feasible development path in the future. Finally, suggestions are provided for the development of CLT buildings in China based on the experience of Europe and North America.
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表 1 各国木结构建筑的适用类型及最大层数的规定
国家 规范名称 适用类型 最大层数/高度 中国 GB 50016-2014 建筑设计防火规范[24] 民用建筑和丁戊类厂房 3层/15 m GB/T 51226-2017 多高层木结构建筑技术标准[25] 住宅和办公建筑 5层 加拿大 国家建筑规范（National Building Code of Canada）2015[26] 居住和办公建筑 6层 魁北克省（Quebec）、不列颠哥伦比亚省（British Columbia）、
阿尔伯塔省（Alberta）建筑规范[27]— 12层 美国 国际建筑规范（International Building Code） 2021[28] IV-A型 居住、商业、文化建筑等 18层/82 m IV-B型 12层/55 m IV-C型 9层/26 m 芬兰 国家建筑规范（National Building Code of Finland）2017[29] 住宅、办公、文化教育建筑等 8层/28 m 德国 示范性建筑规范（Musterbauordnung）2002[30] — 4~5层/13 m 
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表 2 各国不同高度建筑木结构建筑构件的燃烧性能和耐火极限
h 构件类型 中国 美国[28] 德国[32] 1～3层[24] 4～5层[25] IV-A（18层） IV-B（12层） IV-C（9层） ≤7 m ≤13 m 防火墙 不燃性3 不燃性3 不燃性2～4 不燃性2～4 不燃性2～4 难燃性1 难燃性1 承重墙 难燃性1 难燃性2 难燃性3 外墙 难燃性2 外墙 难燃性2 可燃性0.5 难燃性1 内墙 部分为难燃性2
部分为可燃性2内墙 可燃性2 楼梯间的墙 难燃性1 难燃性2 难燃性2 难燃性2 难燃性2 可燃性0.5 难燃性1 电梯井的墙 不燃性1 不燃性1.5 不燃性2 难燃性2 难燃性2 — — 非承重外墙 难燃性0.75 难燃性1 难燃性0～3 难燃性0～3 难燃性0～3 — — 房间隔墙 难燃性0.5 难燃性0.5 难燃性0 部分为难燃性0
部分为可燃性0可燃性0 可燃性0.5 难燃性1 承重柱、梁 可燃性1 难燃性2 难燃性3 部分为难燃性2
部分为可燃性2可燃性2 可燃性0.5 难燃性1 楼板 难燃性0.75 难燃性1 难燃性2 难燃性2 可燃性2 可燃性0.5 难燃性1 屋顶 可燃性0.5 难燃性0.5 难燃性1.5 难燃性1 难燃性1 — — 注：规范中的许多特定条件和详细要求未在表中列出。
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