Review of Research on Drought Tolerance Evaluation and Irrigation Regime of Urban Greening Shrubs
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摘要: 干旱缺水是当今社会发展面临的重大难题，筛选抗旱节水灌木树种和制定科学合理灌溉措施是有效的解决方法。文中分类归纳绿化灌木耐旱性评价指标，对比各评价方法的原理和特点，并从灌溉技术和灌溉量2个方面阐述节水灌溉制度，重点探讨了亏缺灌溉方式的内涵、类型以及在绿化灌木管理中的应用前景。建议今后优先开展以下4个方面的研究：1）目前大量使用的盆栽控水研究与城市干旱实际发生模式间存在着差异，应开展绿化灌木干旱原位控制试验；2）筛选并全面考虑各抗旱指标贡献，建立综合评价指标体系，为绿化灌木耐旱性评价提供理论依据；3）明确各灌木树种需水、耗水规律，探究不同时段内灌木需水量变化，并据此动态调整灌溉量；4）为了将亏缺灌溉应用于实际绿化管理中，需要明确灌木对水分亏缺的可接受度，验证保证绿化灌木使用功能前提下的最低灌溉水平。Abstract: Drought is a critical problem threatening the development of modern society. Selecting drought-resistant and water-saving shrub species and developing science-based and reasonable irrigation measures can provide effective solutions to this issue. In this study, we classify and summarize the indexes of drought tolerance evaluation of greening shrubs, compare the principle and characteristic of each evaluation method, and expound the current water-saving irrigation regime in terms of irrigation technology and irrigation volume, focusing on the connotation and types of deficit irrigation methods and its prospects of application in greening shrubs management. We suggest that priority of the research should be as follows: 1) Considering that there are differences between the currently used studies of water control in pots and the actual occurrence of drought in urban environment, it is recommended to conduct in situ control experiments on drought stress in greening shrubs; 2) The contribution of various drought resistance indicators should be selected and comprehensively considered for establishing a comprehensive evaluation index system, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of drought tolerance of greening shrubs; 3) Water demand and consumption patterns of each shrub species should be clarified for understanding the water demand dynamics of shrub species at different periods of time, which can help adjust the irrigation amount accordingly; and 4) It is necessary to clarify the acceptability of shrubs to water deficit and verify the minimum irrigation level to ensure the usage function of green shrubs in order to apply deficit irrigation to practical greening management.
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Key words:
- urban greening /
- shrub /
- drought stress /
- drought tolerance evaluation /
- irrigation regime /
- deficit irrigation
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表 1 灌木耐旱性评价的主要指标
指标类型 参数 指标 形态结构指标 定性参数 叶色变化（−）、叶卷曲程度（+）、落叶程度（+） 定量参数 株高（−）、叶面积（−）、鲜重和干重（−）、根冠比（+/−）、SLW（+）、细胞膜透性（+） 生理指标 水分参数 水分饱和亏（+）、叶片失水率（−）、RWC（−）、WUE（+）、RWD（+）、Ψw（−）、EL（+） 光合参数 Pn（−）、Tr（−）、Gs（−）、 Ci（−） 荧光参数 Fo（+）、Fm（−）、Fv/Fo（−）、Fv/Fm（−） 生物化学指标 酶活性参数 SOD活性（+/−）、POD 活性（−）、CAT 活性（−） 物质含量参数 Chl含量（+/−）、MDA含量（+）、Pro含量（+）、SS含量（+）、SP含量（+/−） 注：（−）表示与对照相比由于水分胁迫而减少；（+）表示与对照相比由于水分胁迫而增加；（+/−）表示在轻度干旱胁迫下上升，在重度干旱胁迫下下降。Pn为净光合速率，Tr为蒸腾速率，Gs为气孔导度，Ci为胞间 CO2 浓度，Pro为脯氨酸，SOD为超氧化物歧化酶，POD为过氧化物酶，MDA为丙二醛，CAT为过氧化氢酶，Fo为初始荧光，Fm为最大荧光，Fv/Fo为PSII量子效率，Fv/Fm为PSII 最大光化学效率，WUE为水分利用效率，RWD为相对水分亏缺，RWC为相对水含量，EL为叶片相对电导率，SS为可溶性糖，Chl为叶绿素，Ψw为水势，SP为可溶性蛋白质，SLW为比叶重。 
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表 2 灌木耐旱性评价的主要方法
评价方法 原理 计算公式 特点 参考文献 隶属函数法 模糊数学隶属函数公式 $ U({X_{{i}}}) = \dfrac{{{X_{{i}}} - {X_{{\text{min}}}}}}{{{X_{{\text{max}}}} - {X_{{\text{min}}}}}} $ 评价树种少时易产生较大误差 [33] 系统聚类分析法 按样本间亲疏程度聚类 — 对分类变量要求高 [34] 主成分分析法 降维方法 $ {W_i} = \dfrac{{{P_i}}}{{\sum {{P_i}(i = 1,2, \ldots ,{{n}})} }} $ 综合性强，评价全面 [35] 综合评分法 对各指标赋予不同分值 — 主观性强 [32] 加权评分法 对各指标的重要程度赋权 — 简便易算，误差较大 [32] 多维空间坐标综合评定值累加法 多维空间多向量综合评定模型 $ P_{i}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle\sum _{{j}}（1-{a_{ij}}{）}^{2}}} $ 计算简单、实用 [36]
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